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1
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The rugged character of mountain landscapes around the world can be the direct result of any combination of the following factors except |
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| A) |
faulting. | |||
| B) |
chemical precipitation. | |||
| C) |
volcanic activity. | |||
| D) |
glacier erosion. | |||
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2
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Which is not true of geologic faults? |
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| A) |
They are surfaces along which the motion of rocks has taken place. | |||
| B) |
They tend to form fairly straight lines through sedimentary layers and other geologic structures. | |||
| C) |
Finely powdered crushed rock may be found along a fault. | |||
| D) |
Faults and the affects of faults are almost never observed in the field since they generally occur only deep in the earth’s crust. | |||
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3
|
Folding in rocks |
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| A) |
tends to occur in a series of sudden displacements. | |||
| B) |
folding is never expressed at the surface of the earth since it occurs deep in the crust. | |||
| C) |
may indirectly allow parallel ridges and valleys to develop as tilted beds are exposed. | |||
| D) |
can only occur in coastal regions with sufficient wave action. | |||
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4
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Which of the following lists the successive stages of mountain building in their most likely order? |
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| A) |
Crumpling of igneous rocks, folding of sedimentary rocks underneath, and collapse of a volcanic cone. | |||
| B) |
Deposition of thick sequences of sedimentary strata; tectonic compression causing crumpling, folding, and uplift of the rocks; stream erosion. | |||
| C) |
Stream erosion of sedimentary rocks followed by slow sinking and down warping. | |||
| D) |
Landslides followed by continental glaciation and ultimately retreat of the glaciers. | |||
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5
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About 200 million years ago the landmass of Pangaea began to break apart into |
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| A) |
South America and Africa. | |||
| B) |
the Tethys Sea and Gondwana. | |||
| C) |
Gondwana and Laurasia. | |||
| D) |
Australia and Antarctica. | |||
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6
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Portions of what was once the Tethys Sea survive today as |
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| A) |
the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Sea. | |||
| B) |
the East China Sea. | |||
| C) |
along the coast of South America. | |||
| D) |
the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Black Seas. | |||
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7
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A region about 100 km thick under the lithosphere composed of “weak” rock is the |
|||
| A) |
asthenosphere. | |||
| B) |
outer core. | |||
| C) |
lithosphere. | |||
| D) |
Moho. | |||
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8
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The youngest parts of the ocean floors are |
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| A) |
still hundreds of millions of years old. | |||
| B) |
much older than most continental rocks. | |||
| C) |
found along oceanic ridges. | |||
| D) |
easily dated by the human remains they contain. | |||
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9
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The first real proof of ocean-floor spreading |
|||
| A) |
was found in the trenches that rim the Pacific Ocean. | |||
| B) |
was found in the observation of magnetization patterns on either side of ocean ridges. | |||
| C) |
was discovered by Alfred Wegener just before his death in 1930. | |||
| D) |
was the direct measurement of continental displacement using extremely accurate satellite surveys. | |||
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10
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Which of the following plates does not contain a large continental land mass? |
|||
| A) |
Pacific Plate | |||
| B) |
African Plate | |||
| C) |
Antarctic Plate | |||
| D) |
South American Plate | |||
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11
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A transform fault |
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| A) |
is a type of plate boundary where the edges of two plates slide past each other. | |||
| B) |
delineates an area along which earthquakes are common. | |||
| C) |
is a large-scale version of a strike-slip fault. | |||
| D) |
all of the above are true. | |||
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12
|
Concerning continental plate collisions, |
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| A) |
neither plate is forced beneath the other initially, although one will eventually subduct. | |||
| B) |
the classic example is the Andes, which have result from such collisions. | |||
| C) |
the compression and buckling of the plates will form a mountain range. | |||
| D) |
most such collisions occur in deep ocean trenches. | |||
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13
|
“I see no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end.” This statement |
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| A) |
was used by George Cuvier to support his notion that earth history was a series of catastrophes. | |||
| B) |
was used by James Hutton and essentially adopted and reformulated by Charles Lyell. | |||
| C) |
was refuted in the 1960s with the discovery of continental drift. | |||
| D) |
is a quote from the Bible in support of the origin of the earth in 4004 B.C. | |||
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14
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In a sequence of horizontal sedimentary rocks |
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| A) |
the oldest rocks generally occur at the top of the sequence. | |||
| B) |
the oldest rocks generally occur at the bottom of the sequence. | |||
| C) |
there is no correlation between the age of the rocks and their position in the sequence. | |||
| D) |
without an igneous layer it is impossible to figure out which rocks might be older or younger. | |||
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15
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Radiocarbon (carbon 14) dating |
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| A) |
is applicable only to inorganic materials. | |||
| B) |
has been used to establish that the oldest rocks on earth are over 10 billion years old. | |||
| C) |
has a half-life of about 5700 years and therefore is only useful for geologically recent material such as archaeological remains. | |||
| D) |
has been challenged in recent years when it was found that scientists had prematurely adopted the notion of uniformitarianism. | |||
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16
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Which of the following is not necessary for an unconformity to form? |
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| A) |
deposition of the oldest strata | |||
| B) |
formation of fossils | |||
| C) |
erosion of elevated strata | |||
| D) |
deposition on the eroded surface | |||
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17
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The oldest known rocks found on earth have been dated to |
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| A) |
six thousand years ago. | |||
| B) |
about 2 million years ago. | |||
| C) |
about 4 billion years ago. | |||
| D) |
about 10 billion years ago. | |||
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18
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The division of geologic time into eras and periods is based upon all of the following except |
|||
| A) |
correlations between large-scale changes in the earth’s crust and the biological record. | |||
| B) |
incidents of divine intervention. | |||
| C) |
biological extinction and evolution. | |||
| D) |
major climatic and landscape changes. | |||
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19
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Which of the following is in the correct order from oldest to youngest? |
|||
| A) |
Precambrian, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Cenozoic | |||
| B) |
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Precambrian, Cenozoic | |||
| C) |
Precambrian, Paleozoic, Cenozoic, Mesozoic, | |||
| D) |
Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic | |||
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20
|
Fossils |
|||
| A) |
do not support the idea of evolution. | |||
| B) |
generally are of little use when it comes to dating and correlating rock strata. | |||
| C) |
can be used to help reconstruct ancient environments. | |||
| D) |
are so rare that they are primarily the domain of extremely wealthy collectors. | |||
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21
|
During Precambrian time |
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| A) |
life did not exist. | |||
| B) |
at least two glacial periods took place. | |||
| C) |
monkeys first evolved. | |||
| D) |
igneous rocks were limited to deep intrusive rocks. | |||
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22
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The oldest abundant fossils |
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| A) |
are of early Paleozoic marine invertebrates. | |||
| B) |
are found in the coal beds of Pennsylvania. | |||
| C) |
are of dinosaurs which could be easily preserved due to their large size. | |||
| D) |
are found along ancient river beds. | |||
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23
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Concerning petroleum, it is currently believed that |
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| A) |
most was formed during the Paleozoic. | |||
| B) |
it comes from the decay, burial, and chemical modification of organic debris from algae and plankton. | |||
| C) |
it has no relationship chemically or in terms of its formation to natural gas. | |||
| D) |
most of it originated from weathered granitic rocks. | |||
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24
|
The extinction of the dinosaurs |
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| A) |
may have been the result of an asteroid impact. | |||
| B) |
occurred during the middle of the Cenozoic Era. | |||
| C) |
correlates with the beginning of the breakup of Pangaea. | |||
| D) |
occurred before the evolution of the earliest known mammals. | |||
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25
|
The human species |
|||
| A) |
dates back to the early Cenozoic. | |||
| B) |
have been increasing at an ever faster rate over the last several centuries. | |||
| C) |
went extinct during the last Ice Age, only to evolve again from a few chimpanzees that were able to survive in southern Africa. | |||
| D) |
first evolved in Australia and spread out from there. | |||
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