1. What are gases?
Gases, like other states of matter (solids , liquids and plasma), consists of molecules or atoms . In gases, the molecules and/or atoms move freely in all directions and bounce of the walls of the container, as it is shown on the animation. Because every atom (or molecule) in the gas can move freely, it means that a gas takes up all the space available to it, so that it fills the container (unlike a liquid, or solid, that rests at the bottom of the container).
2. What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases comes from observations that scientists made about gases to explain their macroscopic properties. The following are the basic assumptions of the Kinetic Molecular Theory:
The volume occupied by the individual particles of a gas is negligible compared to the volume of the gas itself.The particles of an ideal gas exert no attractive forces on each other or on their surroundings.Gas particles are in a constant state of random motion and move in straight lines until they collide with another body.The collisions exhibited by gas particles are completely elastic; when two molecules collide, total kinetic energy is conserved.The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute temperature only; this implies that all molecular motion ceases if the temperature is reduced to absolute zero.
3. Properties of gases based in the Kinetic Molecular Theory
a. The volume occupied by the individual particles of a gas is negligible compared to the volume of the gas itself.
b. The particles of an ideal gas exert no attractive forces on each other or on their surroundings.
c. Gas particles are in a constant state of random motion and move in straight lines until they collide with another body.
d. The collisions exhibited by gas particles are completely elastic; when two molecules collide, total kinetic energy is conserved.
e. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute temperature only; this implies that all molecular motion ceases if the temperature is reduced to absolute zero.
4. Different gas laws
Gas Laws
One of the most amazing things about gases is that, despite wide differences in chemical properties, all the gases more or less obey the gas laws. The gas laws deal with how gases behave with respect to pressure, volume, temperature, and amount.
Gases are the only state of matter that can be compressed very tightly or expanded to fill a very large space. Pressure is force per unit area, calculated by dividing the force by the area on which the force acts. The earth’s gravity acts on air molecules to create a force, that of the air pushing on the earth. This is called atmospheric pressure.
The units of pressure that are used are pascal (Pa), standard atmosphere (atm), and torr. 1 atm is the average pressure at sea level. It is normally used as a standard unit of pressure. The SI unit though, is the pascal. 101,325 pascals equals 1 atm.
For laboratory work the atmosphere is very large. A more convient unit is the torr. 760 torr equals 1 atm. A torr is the same unit as the mmHg (millimeter of mercury). It is the pressure that is needed to raise a tube of mercury 1 millimeter.
Boyle’s law or the pressure-volume law states that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant temperature varies inversely with the applied pressure when the temperature and mass are constant.
Another way to describing it is saying that their products are constant.
PV = C
When pressure goes up, volume goes down. When volume goes up, pressure goes down.
From the equation above, this can be derived:
P1V1 = P2V2 = P3V3 etc.
This equation states that the product of the initial volume and pressure is equal to the product of the volume and pressure after a change in one of them under constant temperature. For example, if the initial volume was 500 mL at a pressure of 760 torr, when the volume is compressed to 450 mL, what is the pressure?
Plug in the values:
P1V1 = P2V2
(760 torr)(500 mL) = P2(450 mL)
760 torr x 500 mL/450 mL = P2 844 torr = P2
The pressure is 844 torr after compression.
This law states that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
V T
Same as before, a constant can be put in:
V / T = C
As the volume goes up, the temperature also goes up, and vice-versa.
Also same as before, initial and final volumes and temperatures under constant pressure can be calculated.
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 = V3 / T3 etc.
This law states that the pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
P T
Same as before, a constant can be put in:
P / T = C
As the pressure goes up, the temperature also goes up, and vice-versa.
Also same as before, initial and final volumes and temperatures under constant pressure can be calculated.
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 = P3 / T3 etc.
Avogadro’s Law: The Volume Amount Law
Gives the relationship between volume and amount when pressure and temperature are held constant. Remember amount is measured in moles. Also, since volume is one of the variables, that means the container holding the gas is flexible in some way and can expand or contract.
If the amount of gas in a container is increased, the volume increases. If the amount of gas in a container is decreased, the volume decreases.
V n
As before, a constant can be put in:
V / n = C
This means that the volume-amount fraction will always be the same value if the pressure and temperature remain constant.
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2 = V3 / n3 etc.
Now we can combine everything we have into one proportion:
The volume of a given amount of gas is proportional to the ratio of its Kelvin temperature and its pressure.
Same as before, a constant can be put in:
PV / T = C
As the pressure goes up, the temperature also goes up, and vice-versa.
Also same as before, initial and final volumes and temperatures under constant pressure can be calculated.
P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2 = P3V3 / T3 etc.
The previous laws all assume that the gas being measured is an ideal gas, a gas that obeys them all exactly. But over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and volume, real gases deviate slightly from ideal. Since, according to Avogadro, the same volumes of gas contain the same number of moles, chemists could now determine the formulas of gaseous elements and their formula masses. The idea gas law is:
PV = nRT
Where n is the number of moles of the number of moles and R is a constant called the universal gas constant and is equal to approximately 0.0821 L-atm / mole-K.
EXAMPLE 1:
The balloon used by Charles in his historic flight in 1783 was filled with about 1300 mole of H2. If the outside temperature was 21 oC and the atmospheric pressure was 750 mm Hg, what was the volume of the balloon?
| Quantity | Raw data | Conversion | Data with proper units |
| P | 750 mm Hg | x 1 atm / 760 torr = | 0.9868 atm |
| V | ? | ? | |
| n | 1300 mole H2 | 1300 mole H2 | |
| R | 0.0821 L-atm / mole-K | 0.0821 L-atm / mole-K | |
| T | 21 oC | + 273 = | 294 K |
V = nRT / P ; V = (1300 mole)(0.0821 L-atm/mole-K)(294 K) / (0.9868 atm) = 31798.358 L = 3.2 x 104 L
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