Introduction BASIC SHAPES Look at the different objects or items in your classroom. What can you say about their appearance? You realise that each of them is defined by its outline. Therefore, the characteristic outline of an object or item is knownas shape. Shapes define the form of different objects and products. Shapes are of two different types, namely, geometrical shapes and organic/ natural shapes. Geometrical shapes include circles, squares, triangles, ovals rectangles, parallelograms, rhombuses and polygons. Organic shapes are those that are irregular in nature. For example plants, animals. It is important to understand the different shapes in order to apply them in design. In this chapter, you will understand the shapes used in design. Common Geometrical Shapes Shapes can be classified into two categories; two-dimensional and three- dimensional shapes. Shapes are very important features in designs of items and structures. What kind of shapes can you observe in your classroom or the items you use daily?
Exploring geometrical shapes used in design Activity 4.1 What you need: Exercise book; pens, pencils and classroom environment What to do: In groups, carry out this activity.
Identify ten different items with different shapes used in design.
Relate the items in your school environment to the shapes you have identified. Record your findings in the following table
Discuss your findings with the class and make corrections where necessary.
Application of Shapes in Design
Everything we see or use in our environment has some kind of shape. Items, structures or objects in our homes, communities or schools have different
shapes. It is therefore important for you to understand how shapes are applied in design to come up with products. Can you identify the shapes you see in the items in Figure 4.1?
Circles Some a location of a circle in designing products.
A circle is a path traced by a point as it rotates about a fixed point called its center. A circle is applied in different areas of design work. Activity 4.2 Exploring the different parts of a circle What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser, T-square, board and clips What to do: In pairs, carry out this activity. Use relevant textbooks or the internet to find out the different parts of a circle and then:
Draw a circle of 30 mm radius and indicate its parts and regions.
In the following table, give a brief description of each part.
Exchange your books with members of other groups to get feedback.
Centre of a Circle The centre ofa circle is its midpoint.
Inscribed Circle This is when a circle is drawn inside a given triangle touching all the three sides of that triangle.
Circumscribed Circle This is a circle which touches or passes through all the three corners of a given triangle.
Escribed circle An escribed circle is one which touches one side of a given triangle and two other extended lines.
Drawing an escribed circle in to the triang e Activity 4.7 What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser, T-square, board, clips and Geometrical textbook. What to do: Individually, carry out this activity. Draw an escribed circle onto the given triangle.
4.10 Triangles Shapes with three sides are referred to as triangles. Triangles are given different names according to the length of its sides and the size of its angles. Exploring different types of triangles and their properties Activity 4.8 What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser, T-square, board and clips What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity.
Construct the shapes using drawing instruments.
Triangles are applied in a number of designs in architecture and engineering especially in the design of structural systems, roof trusses, bridges and communication masts. You can identify them if you visit these structures mentioned above. O Why do you think triangles are mostly used in structural systems? O Can you identify triangles in some of the pictures in Figure 4.12? 4.12 Quadrilaterals Quadrilaterals are four sided plane figures. Examples include; square, rectangles, rhombuses, parallelograms, kites. Like triangles, each of these quadrilaterals has its own property. Can you remember their properties a education?
Identifying and naming the properties of different quadrilaterals Activity 4.9 What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser-square, board and clips What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity.
Draw, name and write the properties of different quadrilaterals, specifying the sides, corner angles and diagonals.
Present your work to your classmates, get feedback and make corrections if any. Example:
Some applications of quadrilaterals
Constructing Quadrilaterals When constructing quadrilaterals, it is important to know the relationship between the sides, corners, angles, diagonals and symmetry. This will guide you in Activity 4.10.
Activity 4.10 Exploring different methods of constructing different quadrilaterals when given some information What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser, T-square, board and clips What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity. 1.Draw a rhombus whose diagonals are 60 mm and 44 mm. Measure and state its sides in millimeters. 2.Draw a parallelogram whose diagonals are 62 mm and 48 mm. One of the angles formed at the point of intersection is 450. Complete the parallelogram, measure and state its sides in millimetres. 3. The sketch in Figure 4.14 shows two major dimensions of a kite given. AB=90 mm, CO=OD=25 mm, OA=40 mm. Complete the kite. Measure and state the lengths of its four sides; AD, DB, BC and CA in millimetres 4. Figure 4.15 shows a sketch of an unknown quadrilateral. Given that AB=70 mm, BC=50 mm and CD-47 mm. Join AD and state its distance. Give the specific name of this quadrilateral.
Polygons are closed shapes made up of more than four sides. Polygons are given special names according to the number of their sides. They can be regular or irregular. Regular polygons are polygons whose sides and angles are equal while irregular polygons have varying sides and angles. Any regular polygon can be inscribed in a circle using geometrical means.
Activity 4.12 Drawing a regular octagon in a square of side 70 mm What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser, T-square, board and clips What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity. Draw a regular octagon in a square of 70 mm.
Any regular polygon can be drawn in a circle using similar steps. Draw a regular pentagon, hexagon and octagon on a common base AB of 40 mm.
Application of Polygons in Design Different polygons have various applications in the design of different products and structures.
s Do you recognise the items in the pictures in Figure 4.20? What are their names? What polygons can you identify in each of the items? Where else have you observed polygons applied in design?
4.16 Making Models of Different Shapes @ Activity 4.14 Making models of shapes used in design What you need Drawing instruments and equipment, manila paper, pair of scissors, cardboard and Geometrical textbook. What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity.
Construct the following geometrical shapes using any method: a) A regular hexagon of side 60 mm b) A regular pentagon of side 60 mm c) A regular octagon of side 50 mm d) Equilateral triangle of side 60 mm e) A circle of diameter 60 mm f) A square of side 80 mm g) A rectangle of side 60 mm and 80 mm 2.Using a pair of scissors, cut out the shapes from the manilla or cardboard. 3.Display your models of shapes to other groups for comparison and feedback. 4. Suggest methods of disposing of waste materials generated from these activities.
After learning this chapter, what items do you think you can make and use at home or sell? Here is an example: Chopping board
Assignment
Sample Activity of Integration on basic shapes lsc s1
Introduction
BASIC SHAPES Look at the different objects or items in your classroom. What can you say about their appearance? You realise that each of them is defined by its outline. Therefore, the characteristic outline of an object or item is knownas shape. Shapes define the form of different objects and products.
Shapes are of two different types, namely, geometrical shapes and organic/ natural shapes. Geometrical shapes include circles, squares, triangles, ovals rectangles, parallelograms, rhombuses and polygons. Organic shapes are those that are irregular in nature. For example plants, animals.
It is important to understand the different shapes in order to apply them in design.
In this chapter, you will understand the shapes used in design.
Common Geometrical Shapes
Shapes can be classified into two categories; two-dimensional and three- dimensional shapes. Shapes are very important features in designs of items and structures. What kind of shapes can you observe in your classroom or the items you use daily?
Exploring geometrical shapes used in design
Activity 4.1
What you need: Exercise book; pens, pencils and classroom environment What to do: In groups, carry out this activity.
Discuss your findings with the class and make corrections where necessary.
Application of Shapes in Design
Everything we see or use in our environment has some kind of shape. Items, structures or objects in our homes, communities or schools have different
shapes. It is therefore important for you to understand how shapes are applied in design to come up with products. Can you identify the shapes you see in the items in Figure 4.1?
Circles
Some a location of a circle in designing products.
A circle is a path traced by a point as it rotates about a fixed point called its center. A circle is applied in different areas of design work.
Activity 4.2
Exploring the different parts of a circle
What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser, T-square, board and clips
What to do: In pairs, carry out this activity.
Use relevant textbooks or the internet to find out the different parts of a circle and then:
Exchange your books with members of other groups to get feedback.
Centre of a Circle The centre ofa circle is its midpoint.
Inscribed Circle
This is when a circle is drawn inside a given triangle touching all the three sides of that triangle.
Circumscribed Circle
This is a circle which touches or passes through all the three corners of a given triangle.
Escribed circle
An escribed circle is one which touches one side of a given triangle and two other extended lines.
Drawing an escribed circle in to the triang e
Activity 4.7
What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser, T-square, board, clips and Geometrical textbook.
What to do: Individually, carry out this activity.
Draw an escribed circle onto the given triangle.
4.10 Triangles
Shapes with three sides are referred to as triangles. Triangles are given different names according to the length of its sides and the size of its angles.
Exploring different types of triangles and their properties
Activity 4.8
What you need:
2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser, T-square, board
and clips
What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity.
Triangles are applied in a number of designs in architecture and engineering especially in the design of structural systems, roof trusses, bridges and communication masts.
You can identify them if you visit these structures mentioned above. O Why do you think triangles are mostly used in structural systems?
O Can you identify triangles in some of the pictures in Figure 4.12?
4.12 Quadrilaterals
Quadrilaterals are four sided plane figures. Examples include; square, rectangles, rhombuses, parallelograms, kites. Like triangles, each of these quadrilaterals has its own property. Can you remember their properties a education?
Identifying and naming the properties of different quadrilaterals
Activity 4.9
What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser-square, board and clips
What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity.
specifying the sides, corner angles and diagonals.
if any.
Example:
Some applications of quadrilaterals
Constructing Quadrilaterals
When constructing quadrilaterals, it is important to know the relationship between the sides, corners, angles, diagonals and symmetry. This will guide you in Activity 4.10.
Activity 4.10
Exploring different methods of constructing different
quadrilaterals when given some information
What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser,
T-square, board and clips
What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity.
1.Draw a rhombus whose diagonals are 60 mm and 44 mm. Measure and state its sides in millimeters.
2.Draw a parallelogram whose diagonals are 62 mm and 48 mm. One of the angles formed at the point of intersection is 450. Complete the parallelogram, measure and state its sides in millimetres.
3. The sketch in Figure 4.14 shows two major dimensions of a kite given. AB=90 mm, CO=OD=25 mm, OA=40 mm. Complete the kite. Measure and state the lengths of its four sides; AD, DB, BC and CA in
millimetres
4. Figure 4.15 shows a sketch of an unknown quadrilateral. Given that AB=70 mm, BC=50 mm and CD-47 mm. Join AD and state its distance. Give the specific name of this quadrilateral.
Polygons are closed shapes made up of more than four sides. Polygons are given special names according to the number of their sides.
They can be regular or irregular. Regular polygons are polygons whose sides and angles are equal while irregular polygons have varying sides and angles.
Any regular polygon can be inscribed in a circle using geometrical means.
Activity 4.12
Drawing a regular octagon in a square of side 70 mm What you need: 2H pencil, set, ruler, pair of compasses, dividers, eraser, T-square, board and clips What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity. Draw a regular octagon in a square of 70 mm.
Any regular polygon can be drawn in a circle using similar steps.
Draw a regular pentagon, hexagon and octagon on a common base AB of 40 mm.
Application of Polygons in Design
Different polygons have various applications in the design of different products and structures.
s
Do you recognise the items in the pictures in Figure 4.20? What are their names? What polygons can you identify in each of the items? Where else have you observed polygons applied in design?
4.16 Making Models of Different Shapes
@ Activity 4.14
Making models of shapes used in design
What you need Drawing instruments and equipment, manila paper, pair of
scissors, cardboard and Geometrical textbook.
What to do: In pairs or groups, carry out this activity.
a) A regular hexagon of side 60 mm
b) A regular pentagon of side 60 mm
c) A regular octagon of side 50 mm
d) Equilateral triangle of side 60 mm
e) A circle of diameter 60 mm
f) A square of side 80 mm
g) A rectangle of side 60 mm and 80 mm
2.Using a pair of scissors, cut out the shapes from the manilla or cardboard.
3.Display your models of shapes to other groups for comparison and feedback.
4. Suggest methods of disposing of waste materials generated from these activities.
After learning this chapter, what items do you think you can make and use at home or sell?
Here is an example: Chopping board
Assignment
ASSIGNMENT : Sample Activity of Integration on basic shapes lsc s1 MARKS : 10 DURATION : 1 week, 3 days