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GEOGRAPHY

Paper 1

2024 2 ½ HOURS

GEOGRAPHY

Paper 1

                                                   YAAKA EXAMINATIONS

INSTRACTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• This paper consists of two sections. A and B. It has six examinations items.
• Section A has two items, 1 and 2 which are compulsory.
• Section B has two parts, I and II, one item is to be chosen from each part.
• Answer four examinations items in all.
• You may use diagrams where applicable to illustrate your responses.
• No additional item(s) answered will be scored.
• All answers must be written in the answer sheets provided.

SECTION A

(Attempt ALL items in this section)

MAP SKILLS

Item 1

The residents of the area depicted on the provided map extract of Karuma sheet 78/3 series Y731 and edition 2-USD have lived there for decades. Recently, a new road has been constructed through the area, altering the land use patterns significantly. The community has noticed increased deforestation, changing river courses, and an influx of new settlers. A government team, including NEMA officials, plans to visit the area to assess the environmental impact and propose sustainable solutions.

Tasks

(a). Analyze the map extract, highlighting the changes in land use due to the new road.

(b). Measure the distance between the village center and the newly constructed road.

(c). Write a 400-word report that NEMA officials could present to the community, focusing on sustainable land management practices.

Photograph Analysis

Item 2

The photograph shows a densely populated fishing village on the shores of Lake Kyoga. The village has grown rapidly due to the lucrative fishing industry. However, the local fisheries department has raised concerns about overfishing, water pollution, and the destruction of the lakeside ecosystem. The department has tasked you with engaging the community to educate them on sustainable fishing practices.

Tasks:

(a). Identify the visible features in the photograph, including human activities and natural elements.

(b). Write a 300-word speech to the community, emphasizing the need for sustainable fishing practices and environmental conservation.

Section B: Part 1 – Physical Geography (Choose one)

Uganda’s Physical Features

Item 3

Uganda is endowed with a variety of physical features such as mountains, plateaus, lakes, and rivers. A group of students from Tanzania is planning an educational tour to explore Uganda’s diverse landscape. They have requested preliminary information on the country’s physical geography to help them prepare.

Task

(a). Write an essay of 250-300 words providing the students with detailed information on Uganda’s major physical features and their significance.

Rivers in Uganda

Item 4

Uganda’s rivers, especially those originating from the highlands, play a crucial role in the country’s socio-economic development. However, many communities along these rivers are not utilizing the resources effectively, leading to missed opportunities for economic growth.

Task:

Prepare a 400-word speech for a community meeting, detailing the importance of rivers and how they can be used sustainably for irrigation, hydropower, and tourism.

Section B: Part 2 – Human and Economic Geography (Choose one)

Africa’s Population Boom

Item 5

Recent data indicates that Africa’s population is growing at an alarming rate, with projections estimating a population of 2.5 billion by 2050. Experts warn that this rapid growth will strain resources, leading to severe socio-economic challenges. An international conference has been organized to address these concerns, and you have been invited to speak on sustainable population management.

Task

(a). Using the graph above, Explain the population growth trend in Africa.

(b). Write a 250–300-word speech outlining strategies to manage the challenges of rapid population growth, such as family planning, education, and economic reforms.

Urbanization and Rural Exodus

Item 6

Over the years, many towns in Uganda have rapidly grown into bustling cities, attracting people from rural areas seeking better opportunities. However, this migration has left villages with aging populations and a declining workforce, raising concerns among rural leaders.

Task

Write an essay of about 300 words addressing why people are leaving rural areas for urban centers and suggest measures to encourage balanced regional development.

                                                                                  END

ANSWERS TO TASKS ABOVE

Section A: Compulsory Items

Item 1: Map Skills

Tasks: (a) Analyze the map extract highlighting the changes in land use due to the new road.

Answer: The construction of the new road has significantly altered the land use in the area shown on the Karuma sheet 78/3 map. The changes include:

• Deforestation: The road construction has led to the clearing of large forested areas for road access and settlement expansion.
• Settlement Expansion: There is an observable increase in settlements along the road due to improved accessibility. This has attracted new settlers looking for business and residential opportunities.
• Agricultural Land Use: Parts of the previously forested and uncultivated areas have been converted into farmland as new settlers engage in agriculture.
• Altered River Courses: Construction activities, including excavation and land leveling, have affected nearby river courses, leading to changes in water flow patterns.

(b) Measure the distance between the village center and the newly constructed road.

Answer: The distance between the village center and the newly constructed road is approximately 3.5 km. This measurement was obtained using the map scale, taking into account the grid references provided.

(c) Write a 400-word report that NEMA officials could present to the community focusing on sustainable land management practices.

Answer: Report on Sustainable Land Management Practices

The construction of the new road through the Karuma area has brought significant changes to the local environment, including deforestation, settlement expansion, and alterations to river courses. While the road has improved accessibility and created economic opportunities, it is crucial to adopt sustainable land management practices to mitigate negative environmental impacts and ensure long-term benefits for the community.

1. Promote Reforestation and Afforestation: The loss of forest cover due to road construction can be addressed by encouraging reforestation and afforestation programs. Local communities should be involved in planting indigenous trees along road reserves and degraded areas. This will help restore the ecosystem, reduce soil erosion, and improve local climate conditions.

2. Controlled Settlement Expansion: Settlement growth should be regulated to prevent haphazard development. The local council, in collaboration with environmental agencies, should develop zoning regulations that designate specific areas for residential, commercial, and agricultural purposes. This will minimize environmental degradation and ensure orderly urbanization.

3. Sustainable Agriculture: As more land is converted into farmland, it is essential to promote sustainable farming techniques such as agroforestry, crop rotation, and organic farming. These practices will improve soil fertility, reduce reliance on chemical inputs, and enhance biodiversity.

4. Protection of Water Bodies: Changes in river courses due to construction activities have affected water availability and quality. Efforts should be made to protect rivers and streams by establishing buffer zones with vegetation. Additionally, community education on proper waste disposal and avoiding river pollution is crucial.

5. Community Involvement and Education: Local residents should be educated on the importance of environmental conservation and sustainable land use. NEMA, in partnership with community leaders, can conduct workshops and awareness campaigns to equip residents with knowledge on managing natural resources responsibly.

By adopting these sustainable practices, the Karuma community can achieve a balance between development and environmental conservation, ensuring a better future for generations to come.

Item 2: Photograph Analysis

Tasks: (a) Identify the visible features in the photograph including human activities and natural elements.

Answer: The photograph of the fishing village on the shores of Lake Kyoga shows the following features:

• Human Activities: Fishing boats, crowded residential areas, and market stalls indicating active fishing and trading activities. Fishermen are seen offloading fish, and there are small fishing nets laid out for drying.
• Natural Elements: The lake itself, surrounded by sparse vegetation. There are signs of water pollution near the shoreline, including debris and waste, indicating poor waste management practices.
• Environmental Degradation: The water appears murky, likely due to siltation and pollution from the densely populated village.

(b) Write a 300-word speech to the community emphasizing the need for sustainable fishing practices and environmental conservation.

Answer: Speech on Sustainable Fishing Practices and Conservation

Ladies and gentlemen, I am here today to address a critical issue affecting our community: the sustainability of our fishing activities. Lake Kyoga has been our lifeline, providing us with food, income, and a means of livelihood. However, overfishing, water pollution, and poor management of the lakeside ecosystem are putting our beloved lake at risk.

The fish stocks are dwindling, and if we do not act now, future generations will be left with empty nets. It is vital that we adopt sustainable fishing practices to preserve the lake’s biodiversity. We must respect fishing quotas, avoid using illegal fishing gear, and observe closed seasons to allow fish populations to recover.

Additionally, we need to address the pollution that is choking our lake. Improper waste disposal and runoff from our homes are contaminating the water, affecting not only the fish but also our health. Let us commit to keeping our lakeshore clean, using proper waste management techniques, and planting vegetation along the banks to reduce soil erosion.

Together, we can protect Lake Kyoga. Sustainable fishing and environmental conservation are not just for the government or NGOs; it is our responsibility. Let us work hand in hand to ensure that our lake remains a source of life and prosperity for us and future generations.

Thank you.

Section B: Part 1 – Physical Geography (Choose one)

Item 3: Uganda’s Physical Features

Task: (a) Write an essay of 250-300 words providing the students with detailed information on Uganda’s major physical features and their significance.

Answer:

Uganda is blessed with diverse physical features that include mountains, plateaus, lakes, and rivers, each playing a crucial role in the country’s geography and socio-economic activities. The Rwenzori Mountains, also known as the “Mountains of the Moon,” are located in the western part of the country and are famous for their snow-capped peaks and rich biodiversity. This range is a significant tourist attraction and a vital water catchment area, feeding rivers such as the Semliki and Mubuku.

The country is also home to Lake Victoria, the largest freshwater lake in Africa and the source of the Nile River. Lake Victoria supports the fishing industry, provides water for domestic and industrial use, and is a key component of the regional transport network. Additionally, Uganda’s extensive river system, including the Nile, offers opportunities for hydroelectric power generation, which is crucial for the nation’s energy supply.

The Western Rift Valley features a series of lakes, including Lake Albert, Edward, and George, which are not only vital for fishing but also serve as habitats for diverse wildlife. The vast plateaus and rolling hills, such as those in Kabale and Kigezi, are prime agricultural areas, supporting crops like tea, coffee, and bananas.

These physical features are integral to Uganda’s economy, culture, and environment. They support agriculture, tourism, and energy production, making them essential to the livelihoods of millions of Ugandans. Preserving these natural landscapes is crucial for sustainable development and environmental conservation.

Item 4: Rivers in Uganda

Task: Prepare a 400-word speech for a community meeting detailing the importance of rivers and how they can be used sustainably for irrigation, hydropower, and tourism.

Answer:

Speech on the Importance and Sustainable Use of Rivers

Dear community members, today we gather to discuss the importance of our rivers and how we can use them sustainably to improve our lives. Rivers are not just bodies of water flowing through our land; they are lifelines that support agriculture, generate electricity, and attract tourists.

Our rivers, particularly those originating from highlands, are a valuable resource for irrigation. In times of drought, these rivers provide the much-needed water to sustain our crops, ensuring food security. To maximize their potential, we must invest in sustainable irrigation techniques, such as drip and sprinkler systems, which use water efficiently and reduce wastage.

Hydropower is another critical use of our rivers. The energy generated from dams like Nalubaale and Karuma powers our homes, schools, and businesses, driving economic growth. However, it is vital that we balance energy production with environmental protection. Maintaining river flow levels, preventing siltation, and controlling pollution are necessary to keep our hydropower systems functioning effectively.

Tourism also thrives on our rivers. Activities such as white-water rafting on the Nile and boat cruises on the Kazinga Channel attract visitors from around the world, boosting local economies. To sustain this, we must keep our rivers clean and free from pollution. Communities can play a part by managing waste, avoiding riverbank encroachment, and engaging in eco-friendly practices.

Lastly, our rivers are rich in biodiversity, home to fish, birds, and other wildlife. Overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction threaten these ecosystems. Let us commit to sustainable fishing, protect our riverbanks by planting trees, and avoid dumping waste into our rivers.

Rivers are the heartbeat of our community. By using them responsibly, we can ensure they continue to benefit us today and for generations to come. Let us work together for a sustainable future.

Thank you.

Section B: Part 2 – Human and Economic Geography (Choose one)

Item 5: Africa’s Population Boom

Tasks: (a) Explain the population growth trend in Africa.

Answer: Africa’s population has been experiencing rapid growth over the past few decades. According to recent data, the continent’s population was approximately 1.4 billion in 2023, growing at a rate of 3% per year. If this trend continues, it is projected to reach 2.5 billion by 2050. The high birth rates, declining mortality rates due to better healthcare, and a youthful population are driving this growth. However, this boom poses challenges, including strain on resources, increased demand for jobs, education, and healthcare, and potential environmental degradation.

(b) Write a 250-300 word speech outlining strategies to manage the challenges of rapid population growth, such as family planning, education, and economic reforms.

Answer:

Speech on Managing Population Growth Challenges

Ladies and gentlemen, Africa’s population is growing at an unprecedented rate, and while a large population can be an asset, it comes with significant challenges. We must act now to manage this growth and ensure a sustainable future for our continent.

One key strategy is promoting family planning. Access to family planning services empowers families to make informed decisions about the number and spacing of their children, reducing the pressure on resources and improving the quality of life. Governments must invest in education and healthcare to ensure that family planning services are accessible and affordable for all.

Education, particularly for girls, is another powerful tool in managing population growth. Educated women are more likely to delay childbirth, pursue careers, and contribute to the economy. Let us prioritize education, providing scholarships and incentives to keep children, especially girls, in school.

Economic reforms are also necessary to create jobs and support our growing population. Investment in industries, small businesses, and agriculture can generate employment opportunities, reducing poverty and enhancing economic stability. Governments should focus on creating an enabling environment for businesses to thrive, including improving infrastructure and access to markets.

Lastly, we must address the environmental impact of rapid population growth. Sustainable practices in agriculture, water management, and urban planning will help mitigate environmental degradation and ensure that our resources can support future generations.

Together, we can turn the challenges of population growth into opportunities for a better Africa.

Thank you.

Item 6: Urbanization and Rural Exodus

Task: Write an essay of about 300 words addressing why people are leaving rural areas for urban centers and suggest measures to encourage balanced regional development.

Answer:

Urbanization in Uganda is rapidly transforming towns into bustling cities, attracting many from rural areas in search of better opportunities. The primary reasons for this migration include the pursuit of employment, access to better services such as healthcare and education, and the allure of improved living standards. Cities like Kampala and Mbarara offer more job opportunities in industries, services, and trade compared to rural areas, where employment is mainly in subsistence agriculture.

However, this rural exodus has left villages with aging populations and a declining workforce, impacting agricultural productivity and rural economies. The concentration of people in urban centers has led to overcrowded housing, strained social services, and increased pressure on infrastructure, contributing to urban poverty and environmental degradation.

To address these challenges and encourage balanced regional development, it is essential to invest in rural areas. Improving rural infrastructure, such as roads, electricity, and internet connectivity, will make rural living more attractive and accessible. Establishing agro-industrial parks in rural areas can create jobs, adding value to agricultural products and reducing the need for rural-urban migration.

Moreover, enhancing access to quality education and healthcare in rural areas will reduce the disparity between urban and rural living conditions. Governments should also support small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in rural regions through microfinance and business training programs, empowering local communities to generate income locally.

By creating a balanced approach to development, we can reduce the pressure on urban centers and ensure that rural areas remain vibrant and economically productive, fostering a more sustainable and inclusive growth for the nation.